Project Reports (UG)

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Kendriya vidyalaya, Malad - Universal design approach
(AIKTC, 2015-04) Ambe, Sonam; Chougle, Ambarin
A school, as an institution, leaves a deep imprint on the young developing minds and therefore school is chosen as my thesis topic. Inclusion is the need of the hour and it is the law, that all students should receive equal education. A school has a direct impact on the development and the understanding of a child. It is responsible for the physical, emotional, mental, social, cultural and intellectual development of a child. Campus environments are places where structured teaching and learning takes place and one can benefit from this. An inclusive school will provide opportunities for all physically disabled children to participate in education along with the non- disabled children in the mainstream school. Since the disabled students deprive the societal acceptance at the tender age, and are look down upon creating a sense of fear of socializing. We need to remove this stigma from the society and encourage an open mindset through the children in school. This school will help the children grow up socially and achieve a sense of independence and will polish their skills in various vocational trainings. All the existing structures in the society do not always meet the needs of every individual. The universality in the design of the structure is not seen. It is either done on a temporary basis or the versatility of the humans is ignored. The statement ‘Architecture is an art in combination with technology used to satisfy the human needs’ is in context to all kinds of human beings. So, my design thesis will be catering to the human diversity. According to the data in Mumbai Human Development report 2009, section elementary education, most of the illiteracy is seen in the lower class people and there almost negligible schools in the city that cater to the disabled children in a lower level schools, my school will be a municipal school which will be universally designed.
Temporary housing for construction workers
(AIKTC, 2015-04) Pansare, Preeti; Giniwale, Sarah (11ARC06)
To provide a livable on-site habitat for the construction workers also taking into consideration social and recreational aspects on-site. Being a mobile community, temporary and portability forms an important aspect. Exploring the possibility of achieving modules which are exible to changing climate, locations, materials and on-site conditions.
Analysis and design of prestressed I-Grider
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Magar, Rajendra; Bincy, Babu (11CE03); Bhat, Aravind (11CE12); Shaikh, Mohd. Tazir (11CE45); Siddique, Tanveer (11CE55)
Post-tensioned simply supported pre-stressed concrete (PC) I-girder bridges are widely used bridge system for short to medium span (20m to 50m) highway bridges, due to its moderate self -weight, structural efficiency, ease of fabrication, low maintenance etc. This study is on design and analysis of prestressed I- girder. Design constraints were decided using IRC 6:2010 for loading, IRC 18:2000 for minimum dimension requirement, IRC 21:2000 for concrete stresses. To formulate the entire problem for a couple of span under class A and class 70R loading, obtain shear force and bending moment at regular intervals along the beam. The software STAAD PRO is used for the analysis and design of prestressed concrete girders.
Automated blood cells segmentation and counting
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Chaya, Ravindra; Siddique, Sufiyan; Haidery, Waqar; Shaikh, Waqas; Sayyed, Mohammed Rizwan
Blood cell segmentation and identification are centered on the pre-processing of the image, segmentation of the Regions of Interest (ROI) and identification or classification of the cells. Recent studies have suggested different method for segmentation and identification of blood cells. Counting of blood cells (rbc or wbc) in blood cell images is very important to detect as well as to follow the process of treatment of many diseases like anaemia, leukaemia, lung nodule etc. However, locating, identifying and counting of blood cells manually are tedious and time consuming that could be simplified by means of automatic analysis, in which segmentation is a crucial step. We present an approach to automatic segmentation and counting of blood cells in microscopic blood cell images using Hough Transform. Morphological is a very powerful tool in image processing, and it is been used to segment and extract the blood cells (rbc or wbc) from the background and other cells. The algorithm used features such as shape of desired blood cells for counting process. The result presented here is based on images with normal blood cells. The process is initiated by image acquisition and image enhancement process. Noise removal from the blood smear image is the first step. This removes the unwanted pixels from the image. Further the edges are preserved and binarization of the image is performed, separating the region of interest from the background. Further the edges are preserved and binarization of the image is performed. Then the task is to differentiate red blood cells from the various other components in the blood by the segmentation process. Morphological operations are applied on the blood image followed by RBC counting using Hough transform which is an efficient image segmentation technique. The primary goal of the proposed system is to detect and count all the RBC including the overlapping ones in the blood smear image.
Environmental impact analysis of pharmaceutical waste
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Shah, Dhaval; Arote, Swapnil (12CE90); Atkari, Ketan (12CE93); Chalke, Saurabh (12CE97); Kale, Aniket (12CE98)
Pharmaceutical industry is one of the major industries causing water pollution. In India, It generates about Million litres of waste water processed depending upon the process employed and product manufactured. Considering the increased demand for Drugs, the Drug based industries in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated waste water with high levels of pollutants caused by poor design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to surface water or land. Considering the above stated implications an attempt has been made in the present project to evaluate one of the WWTP for Drug industry. Samples were collected from six points; Raw effluent [P-1], Oil and grease trap [P-2], Equalization tank [P-3], Aeration tank 1 [P-4], Aeration tank 2 [P-5] and Secondary clarifier [P-6] to evaluate the performance of WWTP. Parameters analyzed for evaluation of performance of WWTP are COD, BOD5 at 20° C, TSS, TDS, oil and grease, Chloride and Alkalinity. Parameters like pH and oil & grease were used to access the suitability of secondary effluent for reuse in gardening or some other purposes. The COD, BOD5 at 20° C and TSS removal efficiency of WWTP were reduced upto very great extent hence it is suitable to dispose it off into water bodies.
Distribution transformer : Monitoring & protection
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Farade, Rizwan; Belal, Ahmed; Khan, Farhan; Gujar, Ajay Shankar; Shaikh, Imtiyaz; Swamy, Sameep
The basic aim of our project is to protect the transformer against internal faults and ensuring security of the protection scheme for external faults. System conditions that indirectly affect transformers often receive less emphasis when transformer protection is specified. Overloading power transformers beyond the nameplate rating can cause a rise in temperature of both transformer oil and windings. If the winding temperature rise exceeds the transformer limits, the insulation will deteriorate and may fail prematurely. Prolonged thermal heating weakens the insulation over time, resulting in accelerated transformer loss-of-life. Power system faults external to the transformer zone can cause high levels of current flowing through the transformer. Through-fault currents create forces within the transformer that can eventually weaken the winding integrity. A comprehensive transformer protection scheme needs to include protection against transformer overload, throughfault, and over excitation, as well as protection for internal faults. This paper focuses on liquidimmersed transformers because the majority of medium and high-voltage transformers are of this type. If there is a fault in the transformer, by our project we can detect the fault in the transformer and there will be notification to the control room regarding the fault.
PLC and SCADA based smart distribution system.
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Patel, Iftekar; Shaikh, Hamza (11EE43); Shaikh, Zafar (11EE48); Shaikh, Sajid (11EE44); Ansari, Junaid (11EE10); Shaikh, Siddik (11EE45)
In today’s world most of the systems are operate on automation. Because of that the automotive systems are most efficient. Automation means use of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) & Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) instead of electromechanical devices. PLC & SCADA based distribution monitoring & control means use of automotive system in electrical distribution system for monitoring the electrical parameters (like voltage, current, power factor, etc) & controlling if any fault occurs in electrical system with the help of personal computer (PC). Electric power distribution system is an important part of electrical power systems in delivery of electricity to consumers. Automation in the distribution field allows utilities to implement flexible control of distribution systems, which can be used to enhance efficiency, reliability, and quality of electric service. Presently, worldwide research and development efforts are focused in the areas of communication technologies revolution and application of IEC 61850 protocol in the distribution automation to make distribution automation more intelligent, efficient and cost effective. This report has proposed a model that illuminates the categories of data, functionality, and interdependencies present in a SCADA system. Main concept of the project is data acquisition and controlling by using SCADA software PLC. Here PLC is a medium between electrical system and Personal Computer for SCADA to take input and output bits.By using the parameters, we can easily control any load in our system to improve system operation, system reliability, etc. alternatively, SCADA and PLC communication system make it possible to integrate protection control and monitoring electrical parameter together for maximum benefit. It also discusses about the present implantation philosophies and current challenges in the distribution system automation. Further, EPRI ‘IntelliGrid’ project is discussed as an example of advance distribution system automation. Finally, communication aided advanced distribution system automation and its advantages are explained in detail.
High speed terrorist air fighter
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Kaleem, Sayed; Khan, Afroz; Fodkar, Salman; Dakhway, Sufiyan; Mulla, Saeed Ahmed; Khan, Abdul Hakim
The military use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has grown because of their ability to operate in dangerous locations while keeping their human operators at a safe distance. The larger UAVs also provide a reliable long duration, cost effective, platform for reconnaissance as well as weapons. They have grown to become an indispensable tool for the military. The question we posed for our project was whether small UAVs also had utility in military and commercial/industrial applications. We postulated that smaller UAVs can serve more tactical operations such as searching a village or a building for enemy positions. Smaller UAVs, on the order of a couple feet to a meter in size, should be able to handle military tactical operations as well as the emerging commercial and industrial applications and our project is attempting to validate this assumption. To validate this assumption, my team considered many different UAV designs before we settled on creating a Quadcopter. The payload of our Quadcopter design includes a camera and telemetry that will allow us to watch live video from the Quadcopter on a laptop that is located up to 2 miles away. We are presently in the final stages of building the Quadcopter but we still improving our design to allow us to have longer flight times and better maneuverability. We are currently experimenting with new software so that we will not have to control the Quadcopter with an RC controller but will instead operate by sending commands from a remote laptop. Our project has verified that it is possible to build a small-scale Quadcopter that could be used for both military and commercial use. Our most significant problems to date have been an ambitious development schedule coupled with very limited funds. These constraints have forced compromise in components selected and methods used for prototype development. Our team’s Quadcopter prototype is a very limited version of what could be created in a production facility using more advanced technology. Currently our Quadcopter has achieved only tethered flight because it cannot maintain a stable position when flying. Our next step is to fix the software so that we can achieve controllable untethered flight. We are also working on integrating our own Graphical User Interface (GUI) which will allow us to have direct control over all systems. Although there are many enhancements that we could do to the design, we have proven that it is possible to produce a small scale UAV that performs functions of interest to the military as well as commercial/industrial applications.
Analysis and Implementation of H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Tiwari, Vivek; Shaikh, Mohammed Sadique; Shaikh, Imran Jainuddin; Shaikh, Ghulam; Shaikh, Arshad; Ziyaul, Mujeebul
ABSTRACT The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. The voltage source inverters produce an output voltage or a current with levels either 0 or positive or negativeVdc. They are known as two-level inverters. Multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages. Multilevel inverter has advantage like minimum harmonic distortion. Multi-level inverters are emerging as the new breed of power converter options for high power applications. They typically synthesize the stair –case voltage waveform (from several dc sources) which has reduced harmonic content. In this project work, voltage THD analysis of H-bridge multilevel inverter and hardware model of Three-level single phase cascade H-Bridge inverter has been developed using MOSFETS/IGBTS. Gating signals for these MOSFETS/IGBTS have been generated by designing comparators. In order to maintain the different voltage levels at appropriate intervals, the conduction time intervals of MOSFETS/IGBTS have been maintained by controlling the pulse width of gating pulses ( by varying the reference signals magnitude of the comparator ). The results of hardware are compared with simulation results. Simulation models (designed in SIMULINK) have been developed up to five levels and THD in all the cases have been identified.
Real Time Product Analysis using Data Mining
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Khan, Tabrez; Ansari, Mohd Azam Mohd Salim Reshma Bano(11CO53); Jawahire, Nakash Karim Zohra(11CO56); Shaikh, Anas Munawwar Aisha(11CO38); Siddiqi, Muzammil Ahmad Mansoor Ahmad Razia Begum(11CO55)
E-commerce is widely increasing business in the world with increasing revenues every year by manifold times. This is simple indication that more people each day are moving on-line for shopping. It suggests that the preference of the people are changing. People are preferring to buy products more and more from on-line e-commerce websites. They are successfully able to bring the customer in confidence and overcoming the risk involved in on-line transactions by carefully analyzing the behavior of the buyers/sellers and cultivating confidence among the resellers and buyers by developing strategies to attract more business and participation from people. Here comes the existence of price comparison engines into picture which enable the buyers to compare products from different E-commerce websites thus facilitating the buyers to purchase the product at the cheapest price. There are many factors that are involved in developing a successful product. The success of the product is defined by the usefulness and the influence the product has on the human life. The Real Time Product analysis using data mining is enables the real time comparison of products on the basis of the prices and other parameters that are obtained though different E-commerce websites. To obtain prices and other parameters of the products from different E-commerce websites , a web Crawler is used that can crawl to different E-commerce websites and fetch the URLs of the products. Once the URL of the products are available, scrapper scrape the details that were abstracted within the URL. This scrapped data is then stored in the database. Then comparison among the products of the different E-commerce websites is being made by using techniques such as inverted indexing. This way the Project aims to provide a solution which grants power in the hands of the users to purchase genuine products at genuine prices and saving user’s time , money and efforts.
Web Server Based Home Automation
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Kotiyal, Bandanawaz; Kheratkar, Mohammed Fahad (12ET99); Rumane, Ammar (12ET66); Rumane, Faisal (12ET98); Siddiqui, Mohd Ajmal (12ET95)
Now A Days home and building automation systems are used more and more. On the other hand, they provide increased comfort especially when employed in a private home .On the other hand, automation systems installed in commercial buildings do not only increase comfort ,but also allow centralized control of Security, Alarm Systems, Door lock, CCTV, Heating, Sensing, Air conditioning and lightning. Hence, they contribute to an overall cost reduction and also to energy saving which is certainly a main issue today. Instead of PC based servers. Arduino based servers are becoming trend of today’s market. Cost reduction is achieved using Arduino along with Ethernet module as Embedded Web Server. Idea is utilized for monitoring and controlling maximum no. of either home appliances or industry devices. Without using a computer, Ethernet module can communicate to the owner of the overall system, who is able to manage appliances from any location outside. This server provides a powerful networking solution and enables web access for automation and monitoring of different systems. For industry automation, instrumentation and household devices control, this is an optimized solution. System home page can be accessed using web browser. Operational status of the appliances can be observed and changed in case of necessity. This report proposes development of low cost system for above purpose. Different sensors installed at working place help in sensing real time environmental conditions like temperature, light, humidity etc.
Gesture based wireless single-armed robot in cartesian 3D space using kinect
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Alvi, Rizwan; Memon, Md. Farhan Md. Fareed (11ET33); Quraishi, Imran Akram (11ET41); Shaikh, Bilal Anees (12ET86)
Human Machine Interaction (HMI) has always played an important role in everybody’s life motivating research in the area of intelligent service robots. Conventional methods such as remote controllers or wearables cannot cater the high demands in some scenarios. To overcome this situation, the challenge is to develop vision-based gesture recognition techniques. This project describes our work of controlling an Arduino based wheeled, one armed robot, used as a prototype, controlled through various gestures of the arms and legs. For gesture recognition, we make use of skeletal tracing ability of Kinect – a product of Microsoft. Bluetooth is used to make the controls wireless. Since it is not line of sight operation, the robot also captures the environment video and transmits it over radio frequency in real-time and displayed on the screen. On the user end, according to the received video, the operator guides the robot and uses the arm to pick and place objects with the help of predetermined gestures.
Design and fabrication of semi-automatic system for welding hydraulic cylinder
(2015-05) Kazi, Javed
In this era of automation technology, industries have put a very high demand on fast and reliable methods. Hydraulic system is one of the latest technologies in industrial field. Hydraulic cylinder is an important part of hydraulic system which makes it more important as industrial product. Fixtures are used to hold the work piece and serve as one of the most important facility of mass production system. Welding fixtures are normally designed to hold and support the various components (work pieces) to be welded. It is necessary to support them in a proper location which is capable of preventing distortions in work pieces during welding. We will be evaluating the existing system of processing hydraulic cylinder in the plant. The current system uses manually rotation of the cylinder. Hence, we will be designing a welding fixture which will be holding the hydraulic cylinder in one position and welding can be done at the required area. The present report discusses the various methods and effective system which is adopted to increase the productivity of the plant.
Design of horizontal pressure vessel
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Nafe, Momin
Pressure vessels are one of the most important equipment in the engineering world. Vessels are used in everyday life and on a very large scale. From a simple gas cylinder to huge distillation towers the world is full of Pressure Vessels. We cannot imagine our world without these Pressure Vessels. These Vessels have got great importance and diverse use in the engineering world. We have made an attempt to study these amazing engineering marvels, design, analyze and in a certain way optimize them. Our project is the design of a Horizontal Pressure Vessel. Our motive behind the selection of this project is to enter into the huge world of Pressure Vessels and to explore the various facets of a Pressure Vessel.
Optimization of plant layout
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Gandhi, Asif; Khan, Asif (11ME27); Kutiyanawala, Hatim (11ME35); Mistry, Mohammed (11ME38); Parkar, Saalim (11ME41); Ansari, Zakir
The objective of this project is to study plant layout of Pratap Re-Rollers and based on the systematic layout planning method, design a new layout for increased productivity and reduction in material handling. The detailed study of the plant layout such as operation process chart, flow of material and activity relationship chart has been investigated. The systematic layout planning method showed that new plant layout significantly decrease the distance of material flow from stores until usage spots. It is vitally important to have a well-developed plant layout for all the available resources in an optimum manner and get the maximum out of the capacity of the facilities. The problem is of particular importance for Small and Medium Enterprises such as Pratap Re-Rollers where major constraint such as cost and space play an important role.
Material optimization of gear and pinion for planetary gearbox
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Ghazi, Altamash; Gupta, Deepak (11ME24); Phadatare, Kiran (11ME44); Pawale, Mustafa (11ME43); Shaikh, Abrar (11ME50)
Gears are the important element of a mechanical system, which are used for variation of speed and power, failure of even a single tooth of a gear will make the machine to stop. Hence our aim is to strengthen the gear which is a key element of gear box. At Dynatech Engineering. Co. Ltd. due to catastrophic failure of gear teeth, the problem of gear teeth deformation occurred. Dynatech Engineering Co. needed to suggest appropriate gear material by considering its strength, cost, hardenability and machinability, due to past history of gear teeth failures. The materials utilized for pinion and gear are EN24 and EN8 respectively. The material properties and costing of pinion and gear material were studied, and standard gear materials were identified from PSG Design Data Book. The material sorting is done on the basis of availability, cost and strength of the material. We studied different material selection methods like Weighted Point Method, TOPSIS, COPRAS, ELECTRA and VIKOR Method etc. From these methods Weighted Point Method (WPM) is selected for material selection and its result validated by TOPSIS Method and COPRAS Method. The material is selected by studying above method. On that material we did the finite element analysis and we also did analysis on currently used material in Dynatech Engineering co. The input parameter required for analysis provided by company such as module, teeth on pinion and gear, operating temperature and torque on which it is operating etc. The analysis is done by using the software ANSYS 15.0. From the result of it is concluded that the selected material have less deformation and stress during the operation at the top of the teeth as compare to the existing material.
Implementation on 5S
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Shaikh, Saad; Ansari, Noor (11ME11); Sawant, Ishtiyak (11ME47); Sayyed, Ziaul (11ME49); Khan, Naseem (11ME31)
Small scale industries plays an important role in Indian economic. It has emerged as powerful tool in providing relatively larger employment next to agriculture. It contributes more than 50% of the industrial production in value addition terms and generate one third of the export revenue. Global markets are continuously changing and demanding product of high quality and low cost. Such products can be produced using lean manufacturing, a management philosophy that aimed to reduce all types of wastes at all levels of product manufacturing so as to reduce product cost. 5S is a basic lean manufacturing tool for cleaning, sorting, organizing and providing necessary groundwork for work place improvement. This report deals with the implementation of 5S methodology in the Otoklin filters Company, Ambernath, Maharashtra. Out of the available various lean manufacturing techniques, 5S offers good potential for required improvement. 5S is a systematic technique used by organizations comes from five Japanese words; Seiri (sort), Seiton (set in order), Seiso (shine), Seiketsu (standardize), and Shitsuke (sustain). This system helps to organize a workplace for efficiency and decrease wasting and optimize quality and productivity via monitoring an organized environment. It also provides useful visual evidences to obtain more firm results. There is a real need for empirical studies in field of new management systems and their impact on company‟s performance. As importance role of continuous improvement in today‟s organizations, and lack of sufficient evidence to show the positive impact of 5S on organizational performance, this paper aims to determine performance factors and characteristics in industrial organizations and identifying the effectiveness of 5S implementation on organizational performance as well. Surveying method is used and data collection is done by distributing questionnaire among five target organizations which have implemented 5S techniques. The target organizations are chosen from different industries and diverse field of work. The results of this research obtained from a comparative measurement of organizational performance before and after 5S implementation. The results show that 5S is an effective tool for improvement of organizational performance, regardless of organization type, size, its production or its service. Consequently, 5S techniques would strongly support the objectives of organization to achieve continuous improvement and higher performance.
Design, analysis and fabrication of a Go-Kart Chassis
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Thavai, Rahul; Kazi, Shahezad Faisal (11ME28); Mirza, Shahrukh Ajaz(11ME37); Mukri, Hassien Arman(11ME39); Khan, Imran Jamil (11ME53)
This report aims to model, simulate, perform the static and dynamic analysis and fabrication of a go kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modeling , simulations are performed using modeling software i.e. SOLIDWORKS and analysis on ANSYS. The maximum deflection is determined by performing static analysis. Computed results will be then compared to analytical calculation, to check whether the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation. The chassis is designed such that it requires less material and as well as it is strong enough to withstand the various impacts on it. Strength and light weight were our basic consideration throughout the design of the chassis of the kart. Hence, AISI1018 was selected as an appropriate material for design which is a medium carbon steel with properties such as light weight, high tensile strength, high machinability, better weldability, etc. All the impacts and stresses were calculated manually by considering the severe working conditions and then the design was analysed in the analysis software. Step by step modifications in design were made as found necessary and as analysed on the software. After the complete analysis and the approval of design by inspecting it in all the modes of failure the design was finalized and was selected to fabricate which will not fail in any extreme criteria of stresses or load induced.
Design of an automated assembely stand for assembly-disassembly of aircraft wheel
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Rizvi, Zoya; Ansari, Armaan (11ME08); Dabir, Altamash (12ME82); Khan, Sufiyan (11ME33); Shaikh, Ijaz (11ME54)
As No. of Airlines has been formed, Competitiveness has been increased. All these Airlines use some of the methods for assembling the wheel of the Aircraft. This Assembly requires manpower and Human effort to a larger extent and this leads to problems for human beings like Back and neck problems. So we have found out a method to reduce man power by designing a fixture which could be rotated and aligned in any position (Automation).This also increases efficiency and saves time per assembly. A typical A-310 aircraft consists of 8 main wheels and 2 nose wheels. Currently 3 Service Engineers (S.E) are required to assemble the main wheel of the airbus. We hope to change the method of assembly of the wheel, so as to improve efficiency and to reduce the actual working time. As a result, we hope to change the current manual method of assembly of the wheel, so as to improve efficiency and to reduce the actual working time. As a result we hope to increase the total number of assemblies from the current capacity of 6 assemblies per shift to 12 assemblies per shift. Hence, as result a huge chunk of time will be saved in assembly and also manpower will be reduced.
Design and development of an indoor airship
(AIKTC, 2015-05) Motiwala, Nawaz; Izhar, Ahmed (11ME26); Ansari, Kaushar (11ME09); Khan, Haroon (11ME62); Haider, Kazmi (11ME25)
This project is to design and fabricate the envelope for an indoor airship, paper includes the brief idea about selection of suitable material, deciding and estimating shape and volume of the envelope for an indoor airship with minimum dimension which can lift the required payload. The methodology adopted here is a systematic collation of various design and approaches and concepts, which were studied during the design. The various shapes have been studied for their different characteristics like surface area, volume, surface area/ volume, lift, length/volume ratio and all the shapes have been compared on above characteristics and a suitable shape have been selected. Also a easy methodology is advised for petal profile generation for the ease of fabrication.

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